大學(xué)物理（上冊(cè)）

第1章   質(zhì)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)               1
   1.1   基本概念               1
      1.1.1   參考系               1
      1.1.2   質(zhì)點(diǎn)               1
   1.2   質(zhì)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程               2
      1.2.1   位置矢量               2
      1.2.2   運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程               2
      1.2.3   位移               3
      1.2.4   速度               3
      1.2.5   加速度               5
   1.3   圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)               6
      1.3.1   平面極坐標(biāo)系               6
      1.3.2   圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度               6
      1.3.3   圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的加速度               7
      1.3.4   勻速率圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)和勻變速率圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)               8
   1.4   相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)               10
   本章小結(jié)               11
   習(xí)題               12
第2章   牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律               17
   2.1   牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律簡(jiǎn)介               17
      2.1.1   牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律               17
      2.1.2   慣性系               18
      2.1.3   伽利略相對(duì)性原理               18
   2.2   單位制和量綱               19
      2.2.1   單位制               19
      2.2.2   量綱               20
   2.3   主動(dòng)力和被動(dòng)力               20
      2.3.1   主動(dòng)力               20
      2.3.2   被動(dòng)力               22
   2.4   牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律應(yīng)用舉例               23
   2.5   非慣性系和慣性力               26
   本章小結(jié)               27
   習(xí)題               28
第3章   動(dòng)量守恒定律和能量守恒定律               33
   3.1   質(zhì)點(diǎn)和質(zhì)點(diǎn)系的動(dòng)量定理               33
      3.1.1   沖量與質(zhì)點(diǎn)的動(dòng)量定理               33
      3.1.2   質(zhì)點(diǎn)系的動(dòng)量定理               34
   3.2   動(dòng)量守恒定律               37
   3.3   動(dòng)能定理               38
      3.3.1   功               39
      3.3.2   質(zhì)點(diǎn)的動(dòng)能定理               39
   3.4   保守力和非保守力、勢(shì)能               41
      3.4.1   萬(wàn)有引力、彈性力做功特點(diǎn)               41
      3.4.2   保守力與非保守力及保守力做功的特點(diǎn)               42
      3.4.3   勢(shì)能               43
      3.4.4   勢(shì)能曲線(xiàn)               45
   3.5   功能原理、機(jī)械能守恒定律               45
      3.5.1   質(zhì)點(diǎn)系的動(dòng)能定理               45
      3.5.2   質(zhì)點(diǎn)系的功能原理               46
      3.5.3   機(jī)械能守恒定律               47
   3.6   能量轉(zhuǎn)換與守恒定律               48
   3.7   碰撞               48
*3.8   質(zhì)心與質(zhì)心運(yùn)動(dòng)定律               50
      3.8.1   質(zhì)心               50
      3.8.2   質(zhì)心運(yùn)動(dòng)定律               51
   本章小結(jié)               51
   習(xí)題               53
第4章   剛體的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)               59
   4.1   剛體的定軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)               59
   4.2   剛體的定軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)定律               62
      4.2.1   力矩               62
      4.2.2   轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)定律               64
      4.2.3   轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量               64
      4.2.4   平行軸定理               65
   4.3   角動(dòng)量、角動(dòng)量定理、角動(dòng)量守恒               68
      4.3.1   質(zhì)點(diǎn)的角動(dòng)量、角動(dòng)量定理、角動(dòng)量守恒定律               68
      4.3.2   剛體的角動(dòng)量、角動(dòng)量定理、角動(dòng)量守恒定律               70
   4.4   力矩做功和剛體的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)動(dòng)能               72
      4.4.1   力矩做的功               72
      4.4.2   力矩的功率               73
      4.4.3   轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)動(dòng)能               73
      4.4.4   剛體繞定軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)能定理               73
      4.4.5   剛體的重力勢(shì)能和機(jī)械能守恒               74
   4.5   剛體的滾動(dòng)               76
*4.6   剛體的進(jìn)動(dòng)               78
   本章小結(jié)               79
   習(xí)題               81
第5章   氣體動(dòng)理論               86
   5.1   熱運(yùn)動(dòng)的描述               86
      5.1.1   平衡態(tài)、狀態(tài)參量、準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過(guò)程               86
      5.1.2   理想氣體的狀態(tài)方程               87
   5.2   分子熱運(yùn)動(dòng)和統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律               88
      5.2.1   分子的熱運(yùn)動(dòng)、分子力               88
      5.2.2   分子熱運(yùn)動(dòng)的無(wú)序性及統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律性               90
   5.3   理想氣體的壓強(qiáng)公式               90
      5.3.1   理想氣體的分子模型               91
      5.3.2   理想氣體的壓強(qiáng)               91
   5.4   能量均分定理、理想氣體的內(nèi)能               93
      5.4.1   理想氣體分子的平均平動(dòng)動(dòng)能與溫度的關(guān)系               93
      5.4.2   分子的自由度               94
      5.4.3   能量均分定理               95
      5.4.4   理想氣體的內(nèi)能               96
   5.5   麥克斯韋氣體分子速率分布律               97
      5.5.1   測(cè)定氣體分子速率分布的實(shí)驗(yàn)               97
      5.5.2   麥克斯韋氣體分子速率分布定律               98
      5.5.3   三個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)速率               99
   5.6   玻爾茲曼分布律               102
      5.6.1   玻爾茲曼分布律               102
      5.6.2   重力場(chǎng)中的等溫氣壓公式               103
   5.7   分子的平均碰撞頻率和平均自由程               103
      5.7.1   分子的平均碰撞頻率               104
      5.7.2   分子的平均自由程               105
   5.8   氣體的輸運(yùn)現(xiàn)象               106
      5.8.1   黏滯現(xiàn)象               106
      5.8.2   熱傳導(dǎo)               107
      5.8.3   擴(kuò)散               108
   5.9   真實(shí)氣體、范德瓦耳斯方程               109
   本章小結(jié)               111
   習(xí)題               112
第6章   熱力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)               115
   6.1   準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過(guò)程               115
      6.1.1   準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過(guò)程               115
      6.1.2   功               116
      6.1.3   內(nèi)能               116
      6.1.4   熱量               117
      6.1.5   熱力學(xué)第一定律               117
   6.2   理想氣體的幾個(gè)等值準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過(guò)程               118
      6.2.1   等體過(guò)程、定體摩爾熱容               118
      6.2.2   等壓過(guò)程、定壓摩爾熱容               120
      6.2.3   等溫過(guò)程               121
      6.2.4   絕熱過(guò)程               121
   *6.2.5   多方過(guò)程               123
   6.3   循環(huán)過(guò)程、卡諾循環(huán)               126
      6.3.1   循環(huán)過(guò)程               126
      6.3.2   熱機(jī)和制冷機(jī)               127
      6.3.3   卡諾循環(huán)               129
   6.4   熱力學(xué)第二定律               132
      6.4.1   熱力學(xué)第二定律的簡(jiǎn)介               132
      6.4.2   兩種表述的等價(jià)性               133
   6.5   可逆過(guò)程與不可逆過(guò)程、卡諾定理               133
      6.5.1   可逆過(guò)程與不可逆過(guò)程               133
      6.5.2   卡諾定理               135
      6.5.3   卡諾定理的證明               135
   6.6   熵、玻爾茲曼關(guān)系               136
      6.6.1   熵               136
      6.6.2   自由膨脹的不可逆性               138
      6.6.3   玻爾茲曼關(guān)系               140
   6.7   熵增加原理、熱力學(xué)第二定律的統(tǒng)計(jì)意義               141
      6.7.1   熵增加原理               141
      6.7.2   熱力學(xué)第二定律的統(tǒng)計(jì)意義               142
   *6.7.3   熵增與能量退化               142
   本章小結(jié)               143
   習(xí)題               144
第7章   靜電場(chǎng)               149
   7.1   電荷與庫(kù)侖定律               149
      7.1.1   電荷               149
      7.1.2   電荷量子化與電荷守恒定律               149
      7.1.3   庫(kù)侖定律               150
      7.1.4   疊加原理               150
   7.2   電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度               151
      7.2.1   電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度               151
      7.2.2   靜電場(chǎng)的疊加原理               151
      7.2.3   電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的計(jì)算               152
   7.3   高斯定理               155
      7.3.1   電場(chǎng)線(xiàn)               155
      7.3.2   電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度通量               156
      7.3.3   高斯定理               157
   7.4   靜電場(chǎng)的環(huán)路定理               160
      7.4.1   靜電場(chǎng)力做的功               160
      7.4.2   靜電場(chǎng)的環(huán)路定理               161
   7.5   電勢(shì)               161
      7.5.1   電勢(shì)能               161
      7.5.2   電勢(shì)               162
      7.5.3   電勢(shì)差               162
      7.5.4   電勢(shì)疊加原理               163
      7.5.5   等勢(shì)面               164
      7.5.6   電勢(shì)與電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的微分關(guān)系               165
   本章小結(jié)               166
   習(xí)題               166
第8章   靜電場(chǎng)中的導(dǎo)體和電介質(zhì)               169
   8.1   靜電場(chǎng)中的導(dǎo)體               169
      8.1.1   靜電感應(yīng)和靜電平衡               169
      8.1.2   導(dǎo)體靜電平衡條件               170
      8.1.3   有導(dǎo)體存在時(shí)靜電場(chǎng)的分析與計(jì)算               171
   8.2   電容、電容器               172
      8.2.1   孤立導(dǎo)體的電容               172
      8.2.2   電容器               172
      8.2.3   電容器儲(chǔ)存的靜電場(chǎng)能量               175
   8.3   靜電場(chǎng)中的電介質(zhì)               176
      8.3.1   電介質(zhì)及其分類(lèi)               176
      8.3.2   電介質(zhì)的極化               177
      8.3.3   電介質(zhì)的擊穿               179
   8.4   電介質(zhì)中的高斯定理               180
   本章小結(jié)               182
   習(xí)題               183
第9章   恒定電流               186
   9.1   電流強(qiáng)度和電流密度               186
      9.1.1   電流強(qiáng)度               186
      9.1.2   電流密度               186
      9.1.3   電流的連續(xù)性方程、恒定電流的條件               188
   9.2   歐姆定律、焦耳—楞次定律               189
      9.2.1   歐姆定律及其微分形式               189
      9.2.2   焦耳—楞次定律及其微分形式               190
   9.3   電動(dòng)勢(shì)、含源電路歐姆定律               192
      9.3.1   電源及電源的電動(dòng)勢(shì)               192
      9.3.2   含源電路歐姆定律               193
   9.4   基爾霍夫方程組及其應(yīng)用               194
      9.4.1   基爾霍夫方程組               194
      9.4.2   基爾霍夫方程組的應(yīng)用               196
   本章小結(jié)               196
   習(xí)題               197